Two written exam papers for Economics of Management and Innovation, one for each module. The Dosi-Virgillito paper answers five questions. It compares industries of identical and of heterogeneous firms, and what heterogeneity does to how an industry evolves. It covers endogenous organizational learning and how to measure it, and how far market selection really works today (not much, the evidence says: it is a weak filter). It asks whether intellectual property rights help, with the policies I would set as a regulator in a field like biotechnology, and closes on the Marseille fish market against the neoclassical model.

The Martinelli paper answers three: what empirical maps of technological change miss about paradigms and trajectories, comparing product characteristics with patent citation networks, how the length and breadth of a patent trade dynamic efficiency against static inefficiency, and what a sectoral view of innovation explains that firm characteristics alone cannot.